The Effect of Hydration on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

The Effect of Hydration on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Introduction Water is the key to all life; without it, life as we know it would not exist. So it is natural to believe that hydration should have an effect on blood pressure and heart rate, considering our heart is also one of the keys to our life as humans. So we will be testing what affect hydration has on blood pressure and heart rate, if any. Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within our arteries. The measurement is recorded as the systolic pressure (pressure when heart contracts) over the diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart is relaxed). (Weedman, Sokoloski 2009) A study was done at Franz-Volhard Clinical research center that examined how water drinking affected blood pressure in the body. The results showed that drinking 500mL of water increased patients blood pressure and also increased heart rate (Schroeder 2002). Although it was only a slight increase, it still had an affect on the pressure and heart rate. Jens Jordan also did a study on how water affects blood pressure and found that the older the patient was the more of an effect drinking water had on blood pressure. In fact, in some of the younger patients drinking water had no effect at all. However, when the water did have an effect it increased blood pressure every single time. Some of the reasons for this increase,Jordandescribes, are because water and plasma have different osmolarities (concentration of solute vs. solution), the pressure in the blood increases. Also, water may cause different plasma concentrations in the blood which would also cause an increase in blood pressure (Jordan 2002). Rats and humans are very alike organisms. Our bodies both function and are made similarly. So when David Belanger and Samuel M. Feldman did a study on the effects of water deprivation on rats, we can predict that something similar may happen in humans. The rats heart rates decreased the longer they were dehydrated (Belanger and Feldman 1962). The study did not test what hydrating the rats would do, but since the heart rates decreased without water, it is possible that they would increase with water. One reasonable explanation of why dehydration affects blood pressure is due to the tightening of blood vessels. The volume of blood in the blood vessels and veins of the body will begin to lessen when water is drawn from them. As a result, the vessels and veins will contract in order to stay full of blood (otherwise there is extra space, leaving room for gas to build up). This contracting results in high tension, or high blood pressure (Healthy-water-best-filters). I hypothesize that hydration will affect blood pressure and heart rate. I predict that the blood pressure and heart rate will increase. The significance of this experiment is determining how hydration affects blood pressure and heart rate. It is important to know this because high blood pressure is a dangerous condition, and many people suffer from it. If hydration can affect blood pressure (and heart rate) in a good way, it may produce many ways to help keep blood pressure and heart rate at a healthy state. Materials and Methods First, the variable to be tested (hydration) was decided by the class and a question to test was determined. The dependent variable was blood pressure and heart rate (beats per min). The independent variable was hydration (and time). Basal readings (resting blood pressure and heart rate) for each student were used from the last experiment. Each student did not drink any water over the duration of the class (about 2.5 hours), and at the end of class, each student drank roughly 16oz of water. Each person recorded their blood pressure and heart rate at time zero by using their basal BP and HR from the past experiments. Immediately after drinking the water, a partner began timing the other partner. Every three minutes each partner measured their partners blood pressure (systolic/diastolic pressure) and heart rate (beats per min) using a digital sphygmomanometer (which expressed both heart rate and blood pressure). A measurement was taken every three minutes for 12 minutes. There were 13 groups who gathered data, so 26 total students data was obtained and put into excel. Averages, T-Tests, and ranges were then attained and analyzed. (Weedman, Sokoloski 2009) Results The basal readings (resting rate) for blood pressure (systolic/diastolic pressure) for all 26 students ranged from 83/57 (systolic/diastolic) to 158/105 (systolic/diastolic). After every student took three basal readings, the averages for each basal reading were taken, and all three averages were averaged at 108/69 (systolic/diastolic). The blood pressures at time zero ranged from 91/58 (systolic/diastolic) to 175/134 (systolic/diastolic). After the outliers were removed, the average for time zero was 117/74 (systolic/diastolic). At 3 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 86/63 (systolic/diastolic) to 157/117 (systolic/diastolic) and the average was 111/69 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. At 6 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 85/52 (systolic/diastolic) to 150/75 (systolic/diastolic) and the average was 109/70 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. At 9 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 91/53 (systolic/diastolic) to 140/80 (systolic/diasto lic) and the average was 116/75 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. At 12 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 91/59 (systolic/diastolic) to 137/69 (systolic/diastolic) and the average was 113/70 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. This data shows that the blood pressures did not change over time. After performing a T-Test, we can determine that the data is significant (the result of the test was 0.17). (Table 2) Graph 2 also illustrates how the systolic and diastolic pressures did not change over time. After drinking 16oz of water, the blood pressure was not affected at all. The slope of the trendline for average systolic pressure is -0.1. The slope of the trendline for average diastolic pressure is -0.07. The heart rate basal readings for all 26 students ranged from 53 beats per minute (bpm) to 122 bpm. The overall average basal reading for heart rate was 76.57 bpm (Table 1). Our data showed that heart rate decreased (from basal), but it is hard to tell whether the heart rate decreased or increased overall because it continued to decrease until 6 minutes, then it began to slowly increase. Graph 1 illustrates the changes in the heart rate over the 12 minutes. From 0 to 6 minutes, the heart rate decreases by 3.2 bpm, but from 6 to 12 minutes, the heart rate increases by 3.03 bpm (Graph 1). However, since the average basal reading was 76.57 bpm, we can see that after drinking water, the heart rate immediately decreased by 7.07 bpm, and did not recover after the 12 minutes (Graph 1). Since we did not measure recovery rate, we do not know how long it took the body to recover. Discussion I hypothesized that hydration would affect blood pressure and heart rate. I predicted that hydration would cause the blood pressure and heart rate to increase. The data did not completely support my hypothesis and prediction. Hydration did not affect blood pressure, but it did affect heart rate. Graph 2 illustrates that once students drank 16oz of water their blood pressure was not affected. The slopes of both of the trendlines for systolic and diastolic pressures were extremely close to zero, showing that the blood pressures did not change due to hydration. This is significant, shown by a T-Test comparing our PRs at 12 and 0 min at 0.70. Although the pressures increased a bit from the basal readings, it still follows the trend of the graph, and would not affect the trendlines. So we determine that hydration did not affect blood pressure. Graph 1 illustrates that heart rate was affected by hydration. From time zero to 6 minutes, the average heart rate decreased by 3.2 bpm. From 6 to 12 minutes, the heart rate increased by 3.03 bpm. These increases and decreases of the heart rate are very close to each other. If we measured heart rate longer, we would be able to determine if this was a pattern or not. However, from the average basal reading of 76.57 bpm (Table 1) to the reading at time zero, there was an average decrease of 7.07 bpm. Compared to the other decrease in the graph, this is a much larger one. So we can conclude that hydration does affect heart rate, but only for a brief period of time. It decreases heart rate immediately, but after about 6 minutes, the heart rate begins to increase again. We can not determine if the heart rate is recovering because we did not measure until the rate completely recovered. So we can only conclude from our data that hydration decreases heart rate for about 6 minutes, and then i t begins to recover. An alternative hypothesis for the effect of hydration on blood pressure and heart rate would be that it would not affect blood pressure, and it would affect heart rate. The results of the study conducted at Franz-Volhard Clinical research center do not match the results we got in our experiment. They found that hydration increased both blood pressure and heart rate (Schroeder 2002). Our study showed that hydration does not affect blood pressure, but it does increase heart rate (for a certain period of time). Jens Jordans study, however, supports our results. In some of the younger patients in his study, hydration had no effect on blood pressure. But in the older patients, blood pressure increased (Jordan 2002). Since the patients of our experiment are all young, our results match Jordans. The study done my David Belanger and Samuel M. Feldman was conducted with rats, not humans and was the effect that dehydration has on heart rate. Their results showed that the longer the rats were d ehydrated, the more the heart rates decreased (Belanger and Feldman 1962). I predicted that since the heart rates decreased without water, they would increase with water. Since the experiments and variables were a little different, it is hard to compare the results of our experiment with theirs, but my prediction that was based on their experiment was not supported by our data. I have identified several weaknesses in our experimental setup. If the amount of time allowed to measure the blood pressure and heart rate were extended, we could have determined when the blood pressure and heart rate recovered, and that would have helped with the analysis of our data immensely-especially the heart rate. We may have been able to determine if the heart rate actually did decrease, or if it was just a pattern that the body and heart have naturally. So recovery time would have helped with the significance of our data, as well as the analysis. Also, our data might have been more accurate with a larger group of people. More people would have solidified our data as more accurate. The water we used was also not measured and temperature was not taken, so that could have an affect on our data. Everyone drank different amounts out water at different temperatures. Keeping those variables constant would have made our results more accurate as well. Works Cited Belanger, David, and Samuel M. Felman. 1962. Effects of water deprivation upon heart rate and instrumental activity in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55. Dehydration And Blood Pressure Are Linked. Treat HBP with Water! Dehydration symptoms= Sickness. Chronic Dehydration,Treatment, Hydration. 31 Jan. 2010. . Jordan, Jens. 2002. Acute effect of water on blood pressure. Mini-Symposium: Review Article. Schroeder, Christoph, Victoria E. Bush, Lucy J. Norcliffe, Friedrick C. Luft, Jens Tank, Jens Jordan, and Roger Hainsworth. 2002. Water Drinking Acutely Improves Orthostatic Tolerance In Healthy Subjects. Clinical Investigation and Reports. 1. Weedman and Sokoloski. Biology of Organisms: A Laboratory Manual for LIFE103. Vol. 5E. Mason: Cengage Learning, 2009.

Hamlet Exam Study Guide Essay

What should Hamlet do? Explain the moral theories of each philosopher: Plato, Aristotle and Augustine. For each, determine the right thing for Hamlet to do. Then, assess the prince’s actions from the perspective of each recommendation. Plato Plato’s moral theory consisted of the concept of the soul and the concept of virtue as function. To Plato, the soul has three parts; reason, spirit, and appetite. The reason we do things is to reach a goal or value, our spirit drives us to accomplish our goal, and our desire for things is our appetite. The three virtues that must be fulfilled to reach the fourth, general virtue are temperance, courage, and wisdom, which correlate with the three parts of the soul. In order to achieve inner harmony, every part of the soul must be fulfilling its proper function. In Plato’s theory, Hamlet needs to look at the big picture of achieving inner harmony. In order to reach the goal of achieving inner harmony, Hamlet has to figure out another way of easing his anger other than the vengeance of his uncle. The virtues of temperance, courage, and wisdom need to be incorporated into Hamlet’s actions, and he would be able to reach his inner harmony. By keeping his reason in control of his will and appetites, he can use the dialectic to fulfill the knowledge on how to deal with the situation. Hamlet’s big picture of inner harmony was the death of his uncle. He wasn’t concerned about the consequences he would have to face in result, such as not achieving his goal. He was more concerned about feeding his appetite of revenge, and not re-evaluating his virtuous life. Although he held out on murdering his uncle a couple of times, he was still in rage and trying to please his father’s ghost, whatever the consequences were. He loved his mother, and wanted to save her, but he was more concerned with killing his uncle. Hamlet was not able to achieve inner harmony, since he did not have a proper functioning soul. Aristotle Aristotle’s moral theory involves the idea of living your life to the fullest happiness that can be reached. In order to achieve this final, we need to live a virtuous life according to the Golden mean, which is finding the middle grounds of the virtues we live by. Aristotle explains that we should continuously act in accordance with virtues, which are acquired from our upbringing and experiences. Because Aristotle believed in teleology, he said that by aiming our actions toward an end (happiness), our souls need to work in the way of excellence. Like Plato, Aristotle also gears toward reaching a goal. In order for Hamlet to achieve the goal of happiness, he needs to follow the golden mean to live the ideal life. Hamlet and Aristotle had the same question; what does it mean to be? Hamlet’s famous statement â€Å"to be or not to be† meant he did not know exactly how to put his feelings into action. Is it better to live with the knowing of the murder of his father, or is it better to die in the act of revenge. Aristotle would have Hamlet evaluate how he can fulfill the function of being a good person. To do this, Hamlet needs to act on the rational part of his soul and make the right choice in dealing with his knowledge of his father’s murder. Hamlet needs to live by the virtues of courage, temperance, justice, and wisdom. If Hamlet makes rational decisions based on these virtues, he will understand that he needs to be able to communicate to Claudius and let him know that he will not get away with what he has done. As the Prince, he needs to take action as a ruler and set a good example for the people of Denmark and other kingdoms. Then again, Aristotle gave a pass of negative behavior to the involuntary acts that are done as a result of external compulsion. So, as he may say that everyone has the potential to be good, they may still slip up due to impulses such as revenge against the uncle who killed Hamlet’s father and re-wed his mother. In the act of aiming toward an end, Hamlet may choose whether or not to follow the instrumental road or the intrinsic road. Since Hamlet had a couple of chances to kill the King, he kept holding out until he thought he would have a perfect opportunity. In the beginning, he was following a virtuous life, and toward the end, when he claimed to have â€Å"bloody† thoughts, he was gearing more toward the impulsive irrational part of his soul. He eventually followed this road, but his soul was dying anyways. Augustine In order to have faith, we need to understand the reason for spirituality. To know universal truth, we have to go beyond human reason to discover God. Since the soul cannot find peace among bodily pleasures or sensations, we need to understand what will bring happiness to our lives and how we can succeed as humans. Since God created us, we will find happiness only in him. We have free will to choose the City of God or the City of the World. In choosing the City of God, we are putting our faith in God to guide us to make the right choices in finding happiness, not materialistic things or other people. By devoting our ultimate love to God and having faith that God can provide us with happiness, we can fulfill our destiny. For Augustine, Hamlet needs to start praying. He needs to open his heart and have faith in God to take care of the situation. Since we are Gods people, only God can bring justice. The king may have done something horrible, but he has to answer to God in the end. Hamlet needs to stay on the right track and pray that God can save him from his horrible thoughts of having revenge on the king. God is the only one who can bring happiness to our lives and help us to succeed as humans. Hamlet needs to choose the City of God, and make the right choices to not worry about punishing other people. This is the only way that he will achieve the goal of happiness. Unfortunately, Hamlet did not look to God for the answer. He may have said some prayers, and asked for guidance, but he certainly did not follow what he knew he was supposed to do. Instead, he listened to the ghost of his father and aimed towards revenge. Hamlet may have thought he achieved what he was out to do, but in the end, his mother was poisoned to death, his lover, Ophelia, died along with her brother, Laertes, as well as his other two friends he had killed in England, the king died, and so did Hamlet himself. If he would have put his trust in God to deal with the murder of his father, he could have saved himself along with everyone else he cared so deeply for. God always has a plan.

Top Secret Facts About Management Essay Topics

Top Secret Facts About Management Essay Topics The Secret to Management Essay Topics Well, the simplest method is to register with a business that matches your qualifications to existing awards. Break down of this issue and key terms can be quite helpful for the students. Whether you're a student, homemaker, business person or a working professional if you're ready to deal with your time efficiently, you wouldn't be a long ways from attaining your aims. The second alternative, at a far lower cost, is to join with a business that simply offers you accessibility to a searchable database containing thousands of scholarships for graduate students. There was selective communication happening. A very simple example would serve to illustrate the demand for efficient services to manage data. At times, the more complex the range of management layers, the more probable that problems and solutions cannot be communicated on quickly enough. Therefore, efficient database management techn iques provide for various levels of access to such info to make sure that the erroneous hands do not get access to sensitive details. Conclusion Time Management is essential for every person. Accountability was restricted to a few. Conflict can be created based on the organizational Structure a corporation follows. It is an indispensable part of human life. Business management is vital for me because I have a terrific desire to successfully manage people and company projects, in addition to to create effective business-related policies. Combining SOA and BPM allows organizations to obtain more agility and flexibility when automating dynamic processes. Selling to small company is hard, and typically needs a large sales force, but may be carried out. It's not altogether uncommon for conflict to occur within the organisation. As stated previously, conflict isn't necessarily bad. Group conflict in a corporation can be decreased by turn their attention on a typical enemy lik e the competition. There isn't any real conflict between individuals. A good deal of assignments lead you to find extreme stress. The demand for an expert with operations management study material or some other subject is extremely important as they can arrive in and bridge the gap of needing to go through an excessive amount of hassle and relieve you from all of the stress that is related to academic assignments. If you need assistance also with risk management study material, then you're in the appropriate spot. Nevertheless, with the proper experts, you can get rid of all of the tension and hassle. Next point to consider is the caliber of the sources you choose for an essay. A great paper should be well-written, and superior research must be done in order to develop excellent effects and details that are required to land you a nice score. It's quite understandable how difficult it's to think of a superior essay especially in case you lack the experience which may be req uired. Every great piece should involve plenty of links, properly put in the bid to carry the readers along. Importance of Time Management When you own a plan at place, all you need to do is implement it. There are plenty of topics to select from in the area of business. Management is believed to be a constantly evolving science and you have to write something cool that reflects the reversal of time. Database management isn't only the selection of information. For instance, if you're a sales manager and you're in front of a deal that you've to make on time with a customer, you may have to decide, either to close it based on your company's usual policy, or based mostly on your customer requirements. When it can be a really beneficial tool on the research stage, it isn't a valid academic source after all, everyone can edit its articles. Whilst the majority of people intuitively understand when they've received bad company, defining very good service can be subjective. You a re able to also get elongated essay company and management sample to assist you with getting a notion of how our experts fair in their work. The thesis also known as the dissertation of any subject is the submission of research on a specific topic that's selected. An individual should choose topic one has expertise within it. Choice of the topic for the dissertation is truly a challenging task because dissertation demands a thorough details on such topic. There is an assortment of topics that could grow to be a foundation for a conflict essay. Additionally, organisational cultures can be dealt with by establishment of an exterior as an alternative to an internal orientation that's associated with less control focus. There are a number of views about management. One must list the benefits of having similar characteristics during working in a business environment when preparing the dissertation on the special topic. Subcultures also present procedures for changing fewer cent ral principles that are important facets in any organisation. The interaction of people, their different perception of the planet, different upbringing and many interests became the reason behind misunderstanding and later the origin of the conflict. Organizational culture is a significant aspect in any administration. There are lots more topics to be chosen by the person depending on their interests and one must keep few things in mind when selecting a topic. As a teacher, you probably devote a decent amount of time thinking about behavior administration. To be a very good manager, it's essential to develop not merely effective interpersonal communication skills, but in addition great intuition, which helps to make effective management decisions. Management is not only about creating specific functions and delegating them to certain groups or an individual. Time management is about planning. Database management is a complicated task and it's getting more complicated as ti me goes by.

Obama Immigration Reform - 2128 Words

What are President Obama’s plans for immigration reform? Will this immigration reform positively OR negatively affect the U.S. economy? How? Current Issues February 11, 2013 Currently, 11 million illegal immigrants inhabit the United States. This number will continue to augment without proper regulation of these aliens. Ever since his first inauguration, it has been President Barack Obama’s mission to improve America’s mediocre immigration system. Since Obama’s reelection for his second term, he has constantly stressed the fact that the new ideas for immigration reform are on the top of his list. Not only will these new reclaims help both the legal and illegal immigrants, and American citizens, but also they will benefit the†¦show more content†¦Congress stresses that this pathway to citizenship is mainly focused on the 11 million undocumented aliens in America, but it is equally vital to deal with future immigrants, as well, or the country may find itself housing more illegals and not progressing to a better America (Fox News, The Associated Press, foxnews.com). Lastly, Obama’s final aspiration is to break our old fashioned system and bring it to the 21st century. The president’s opinion about visa card laws was that they are â€Å"outdated† and â€Å"make no sense,† (Fox News, The Associated Press, foxnews.com). He hopes to join family members with those who have come to earn a living already and to avoid the prolonged wait of future immigrants. Having to wait years before being able to send one’s family to America is absurd to the President and surely to a majority of others (CNN Political Unit, CNN.com). These plans, ideas, and desires for a higher quality national immigration system will be assorted into a bill. Witnesses largely appealed to congress’ disposition to pass the bill because not only will this bill ameliorate the lives of immigrants and their families, but also the US economy (Fox News, The Associated Press, foxnews.com). Correspondingly, there is a plethora of reasons why a substantial immigration reform would positively impact the US economy. To begin, immigrantsShow MoreRelatedObama s Immigration Reform Policy952 Words   |  4 Pagesabout Obama’s immigration reform policy. It seems as if immigration has been an on-going issue in the United States for quite some time. Whether people are for it or against it; immigration has always been a topic of discussion. 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